Bar Council of India Removes 107 Fake Advocates from Delhi Roll to Uphold Legal Integrity

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Bar Council of India Removes 107 Fake Advocates from  Delhi Roll to Uphold Legal Integrity The Bar Council of India (BCI) has taken decisive action in a sweeping initiative aimed at maintaining the integrity of the legal profession by removing 107 fake advocates  from the Roll of Advocates in Delhi  between 2019 and October 2024. This step comes as part of the BCI's rigorous verification process to ensure that only qualified, genuinely practising advocates remain in the profession, ultimately upholding public trust in the legal system. Strengthened Verification Framework Under Rule 32 This effort falls under Rule 32 of the Bar Council of India Certificate and Place of Practice (Verification) Rules, 2015 . The BCI  amended Rule 32 on June 23, 2023 , which empowered the BCI to verify, identify, and systematically remove unqualified and fake advocates from the Roll. The rule amendment has made the process of weeding out non-compliant individuals significantly more efficient. Accordi
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Articles 306 to 309 of the Indian Constitution: Taxes on Professions, Trades, and Callings

Articles 306 to 309 of the Indian Constitution: Taxes on Professions, Trades, and Callings



Introduction :

The Indian Constitution incorporates provisions regarding the imposition and regulation of taxes on professions, trades, and callings. Articles 306 to 309 outline these provisions, focusing on the power of the Union and the states to levy and collect taxes for revenue purposes. In this article, we engage in a comprehensive discussion, exploring the relevance of these articles in the modern era and analyzing relevant case laws that shed light on their significance in contemporary India.


Article 306: Taxes on professions, trades, and callings :

Article 306 grants the power to the Union and the states to levy taxes on professions, trades, and callings. This provision enables the government to generate revenue through the taxation of various professional activities. The case of the State of Madras v. Gannon Dunkerley & Co. provides insights into the interpretation and application of Article 306. The Supreme Court, in this case, held that a tax on professions, trades, and callings is permissible as long as it is a direct tax on the occupation itself and not on the income derived from that occupation. This judgment emphasizes the significance of Article 306 in ensuring the legality and constitutional validity of taxes imposed on professional activities.


Article 307: Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on the state's power of taxation :

Article 307 empowers the Parliament to impose restrictions on the power of the states to levy taxes on professions, trades, and callings. This provision ensures that the Union can regulate and coordinate taxation policies across the country. While there may not be specific case laws directly related to Article 307, the provision underscores the importance of maintaining fiscal harmony and avoiding conflicting tax regulations among the states.


Article 308: Power of the states to levy duties and taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments :

Article 308 grants the power to the states to levy duties and taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments. This provision enables the states to generate revenue through the taxation of various economic activities conducted within their jurisdictions. The case of the State of West Bengal v. Kesoram Industries Ltd provides insights into the interpretation and application of Article 308. The Supreme Court, in this case, held that a tax imposed under Article 308 should have a reasonable nexus with the activity or occupation being taxed. This judgment highlights the significance of Article 308 in ensuring that state taxes on professions, trades, callings, and employments are reasonable and within the constitutional framework.


Article 309: Power of the states to impose taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use, or sale :

Article 309 grants the power to the states to impose taxes on the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use, or sale. This provision enables the states to levy taxes on the importation of goods and contributes to their revenue generation. The case of Atiabari Tea Co. Ltd. v. the State of Assam provides insights into the interpretation and application of Article 309. The Supreme Court, in this case, emphasized that the state's power to impose taxes on the entry of goods is subject to the limitations imposed by Article 304(b), which prohibits discriminatory taxes that hinder the free flow of goods across state boundaries. This judgment underscores the importance of balancing revenue generation with the principles of non-discrimination and free trade.


Conclusion :

Articles 306 to 309 of the Indian Constitution provide a framework for the imposition and regulation of taxes on professions, trades, and callings. Through relevant case laws and practical examples, we have observed the significance of these provisions in enabling the Union and the states to levy taxes for revenue purposes, ensuring the legality and constitutional validity of such taxes, maintaining fiscal harmony among the states, and regulating the taxation of goods entering local areas. As India progresses in the modern era, it is crucial to sustain the discourse surrounding Articles 306 to 309, facilitating a balanced taxation system that promotes economic growth, protects the rights of individuals and businesses, and upholds the principles of fiscal responsibility and transparency.

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